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Vacancy Vacancy
Vacuum - Refining Vacuum - Refining
Vacuum Arc Remelting Vacuum Arc Remelting
Vacuum Degassing Vacuum Degassing
Vacuum Melting Vacuum Melting
Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD)
A refinement of stainless steel that reduces carbon content. Molten, unrefined steel is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top. Many undesirable gases escape from the steel and are evacuated by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten steel further.

WHAT
Process for further refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content.

WHY
The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below 5%). While electric arc furnaces (EAF) are the conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, VOD is an economical supplement, as operating time is reduced and temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally, using VOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF for melting purposes.

HOW
Molten, unrefined steel is transferred from the EAF into a separate vessel, where it is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top of the vessel. Substantial quantities of undesirable gases escape from the steel and are drawn off by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten steel further.
Vacuuming Vacuuming
Vanadium Vanadium
Vanadium(2) Vanadium(2)
Vein Vein
Veining Veining
Vent Vent
Vibrated Wound Vibrated Wound
Vibrator Reed Steel Vibrator Reed Steel
Vickers Hardness (Test) Vickers Hardness (Test)
Vickers Hardness Test(2) Vickers Hardness Test(2)
Virgin Metal Virgin Metal
Voluntary Restraint Agreements (VRAs) Voluntary Restraint Agreements (VRAs)


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LME (USD/t, cash)

Сплав Ал.: 1,695.00 +44.00
Алюминий: 1,949.00 +88.5
Медь: 6,565.50 +219.5
Свинец: 2,410.50 +164.5
Никель: 19,455.00 +630.00
Олово: 14,820.00 +70.00
Цинк: 2,240.00 +125.5
22 Oct 2009 LME цены

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